Development of Tools Throughout Time Essay -- essays papers

Development of Tools Throughout Time Our world today has many different kinds of tools. I realized this when I was walking through The Home Depot a few weeks ago. On one isle are nails, and screws, the next isle there are power drills to go along with power saws and power sanders. Now imagine the world with no tools, no nails or screws. It would be pretty difficult to do most anything. We would have no houses to live in, no cars to travel to work in, and we would have no place of employment in which to work. Without tools our world would be nothing. This is the world our ancestors faced, and they had nothing but rocks and sticks. Homo Habilis had the challenge of being the first hominid with a larger brain, which allowed him to have the ability to do more things. With early hominids lacking size and strength to kill large animals they used certain objects to kill and devour these animals. This ultimately led to the development of tools. By 2.5 million years ago, a new human evolutionary trend had begun. The change to a upright bipedal posture, and existing flexibility at the shoulder, arms, and hands allowed hominids to carry and manipulate objects much more readily. Early hominids began to manipulate the physical world, inventing solutions to the problems of human existence. Instead of foraging, as do most primates, on a more or less individualistic basis for food sources, early hominids invented stone tools with which they could slay larger animals. This began a switch from scavenging to hunting as the main means by which meat was acquired. The earliest known tools yet discovered were found by Louis and Mary Leakey at Olduvai Gorge dating back to about two million years ago. They originally thought that these tools were made by the Australopithecus, but later determined that they were made by the Homo Habilis . The first tools found were classified as lower paleolithic tools. These tools belong to the Oldowan tool tradition. These tools which were opportunist in nature were characterized by an all-purpose generalized chopping tool. These were produced by removing a few flakes from a stone either by using another stone as a hammer or by striking a pebble against a large rock. Manufacturing tools this way is called the percussion method. Many of these tools were made out of quartz or lava; which were not the most common st... ...hominids we would have no understanding of any prehistoric life. Their technological advances helped us to create more efficient tools which allow us to research these ancient cultures. As one can see, we are presently expanding our modern tool kits every decade; so who is to say what technological advances will be made in the next several millennia's. Tools have evolved to influence, if not determine, human history. Bibliography Burenholt, Dr. Govan. The First Humans - Human Origins and History to 10,000 B.C. New York; Harper Collins Publishes. 1993 Haviland, William A. Anthropology - Ninth Edition Orlando ,Florida; Harcourt College Publishers. 2000 Johanson, Donald and Lenora. Ancestors New York; Villard Books. 1994 Leaky, Richard. Origin of Humankind New York; Harper Collins Publishers. 1994 Rowlett, Ralph M., Michael G. Davis, and Robert B. Grabe. Friendly Fire http://anthropology.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?site=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.discoveringarchaeology.com%2F0599toc%2F5feature3-fire.shtml Time-Life Books. The Human Dawn New Jersey; Time-Life Books. 1990 Wallbank, T. Walter. Civilization Past and Present New York; Harper Collins Publishers. 1992

Orwell: Shooting An Elephant †analysis paper Essay

Prompt 3 â€Å"Read carefully paragrphs 11-13 of Orwells Shooting An Elephant. THen write a well-organized essay explaining how the author uses stylistic devices and rhetoical strategies to convey his attitude toward the shooting of the elephant. Elephants were once, and are currently, considered prized possessions in some parts of the world. The taming of these majestic creatures dates all the way back to BC and, since then, elephants have continued to hold high value especially ceremonially, labor-wise, and culturally. But, just like any living organism, sometimes elephants do the wrong thing, in the wrong place, at the wrong time. That’s what unfortunately happened to the elephant in Orwell’s piece, Shooting an Elephant. Orwell’s piece includes stylistic elements such as figurative languag and juxtaposition to express the narrators indifferent, but also guilty attitude towards bringing death upon the elephant. Orwell weaves symbolic figurative language, such as metaphors and similes, into his piece Shooting the Elephant to emphasize the narrators emotions towards his pulling of the trigger on the elephant. See more: analytical writing The narrators indifference caused his mind to believe â€Å"a mad elephant has to be killed like a mad dog,if it’s owner fails to control it;† even though the elephant never posed a threat as a mad dog would. If the narrator hadn’t felt guilty, he wouldn’t have downsized the situation by comparing the elephant to a mad dog to justify his actions, but if he hadn’t had an indifferent attitude then perhaps the elephant would still be standing. Pulling the trigger on the gun aimed for the elephant triggered the narrators guilty conscience, especially when the elephant helplessly collapses â€Å"with a crash that seemed to shake the ground even where I lay.† The metaphorical comparison of the elephant falling to an earthquake illustrates how the narrator realized how monumental and uncalled for the death of the elephant was, which led the guilt to begin tugging on his heart. Juxtaposition plays a big part in expressing the attitude of the narrator. The unfortunate coolie death with his â€Å"arms crucified, head sharply twisted to one side† intensely juxtaposes the majestic and graceful elephant death with â€Å"his trunk reaching skywards like a tree† and his â€Å"thick blood welling out of him like red velvet.† Unlike the full essay that the elephant gets, the poor coolie gets a mere three or four sentences about his death. This juxtaposition makes it obvious that the narrator had much  respect and favor for the elephant and because he sees the elephant that way, guiltiness begins to grasp his heart after the elephant is gone. Although his admiration for the elephant sticks out of the piece like a sore thumb, the crowd that he has power over was watching and he yearned for power, just as all humans do, so, he formed an indifferent attitude to bring himself to shoot the elephant three times. Power and control are not the same thing, they juxtapose one another, unlike the narrator thinks. Keeping things under control is his job and he yearns for power, so out of that desire he decides to shoot the elephant believing that will keep everything under control when it would in fact do the opposite. His selfish need for power leads to a loss of control on the situation and on his attitude as it shifts from a confused state of mind, to an indifferent one. In conclusion, Orwell tucks many stylistic devices into his piece Shooting an Elephant for readers to interpret and analyze as they wish. Juxtaposition and figurative language (specifically metaphors and similes) in paragraphs 11-13 disclose the indifferent, yet guilty attitude the narrator has by the end of the essay. His indifference is triggered by the craving of power he has, but his guilt is tripped up by the grandeur of the elephant and his conscience knowing the elephant deserves to live.

Genetic Engineering and Food

Genetic Engineering and Food Free Online Research Papers The world population has topped to 6 billion people and is predicted to double in the next 50 years. Ensuring an adequate food supply for this booming population is and will continue to be a major challenge in the years to come. Genetically Engineered foods promise to meet the difficult task of providing an adequate food supply and aid in the prevention of starvation. Biotech crops posses the following traits that prove them to be superior to conventional crops; pest resistance, herbicide tolerance, disease resistance, and drought tolerance. Genetically Engineered foods will produce faster, healthier, and economically efficient crops. Genetically Engineered foods were first introduced in the early 1990’s. The first commercially grown genetically modified food crop was a tomato created by California Company in the 1990’s. It was genetically altered so that it took longer to decompose after it was picked. Genetically Engineered Food or Genetically Modified Foods (GM) foods are created to enhance desired traits such as increased resistance to herbicides or improved nutritional content. Genetic modification of foods is done by using a process of either Cisgenesis or Transgenesis. Cisgenesis is the process by which genes can be artificially transferred between organisms that could be conventionally bred. The dictionary definition of Genetic Engineering is the development and application of scientific methods, procedures, and technologies that permit direct manipulation of genetic material in order to alter the hereditary traits of a cell, organism, or population. This genetic modification can be performed on animals and humans but is limited at the moment. Genetic modification allows for the development of perfectly bred organisms that posses the best traits available. Although genetically modified foods prosper, there is still a great deal of controversy over it. The main issues are environmental hazards, human health risks, and economic concerns. Environmental organizations against GM foods raise concerns that pesticides in GM foods will not only kill the intended insects of crops but as well as other organisms that need the crop to survive. It also poses threats of the effectiveness of pesticides. Some insects such as mosquitoes will develop resistance to these pesticides creating new problems. The environmental group Greenpeace acknowledges that â€Å"GM food crops should be withdrawn after a feeding trial for the Austrian government found GM corn damaged the fertility of laboratory mice† (Cummings 11). The reason for all the controversy and disapproval of gm foods of the public and health organizations lie within the regulations. Without critical research, GM foods can knowingly be harmful to us, the environment and animals, yet the government refuses to acknowledge or address concerns. In 1992 RBGH was approved within the US by the FDA. RBDH is a hormone in cows that produces more milk in less time. This genetically engineered hormone though, had great health risks which include, breast, colon, lung and bone cancer to the consumers. The question is how did the FDA and other government agencies approve such hazards. Big corporate giants such as Mansanto Company, the undisputed plant biotechnology leader in the world are responsible for 90 percent of the globes genetically engineered crops (Kimbrell 54). They have had their own people working for the FDA. In 1992, Michael Taylor, an attorney for Mansanto, was assigned to the deputy commissioner of the FDA. Under Deputy Commissioner Tailors influence, the FDA decided to exempt federal regulations on GE foods that entered the US market. With the big corporate influences in the FDA, Genetically Engineered foods reach the US supermarkets with ease. These new genetically modified foods did not require any regulation or labeling, which once again kept the public in the dark. Once corporate members of GE foods had left the FDA, and lost their influences in other government agencies, the public and other health agencies raised concerns. RBGH was banned in the United States. From then on all genetically engineered foods were heavily regulated, required labeling, and needed scientific research to ensure that it did not cause any health risks. When it comes to genetically engineered foods, the rest of the world has been well ahead of the US. After news spread about the RBGH incident, the European Union declared a moratorium on the further development of GE products. Also influencing the European Union decision to put a hold on GE foods was the previous occurrence of Kraft foods recalling millions of dollars worth of taco shells after scientist discovered health risks that failed to meet the EPA standards for human consumptions (Kimbrell 28). It wasn’t until 2004 that the European Union lifted their ban on genetically engineered products and institutes strict labeling and traceability requirements. The European Union also established a rigorous approval process for future Genetically Engineered crops and foods. Genetic Engineering can help famers produce heartier and tastier fruits and vegetables. (Wekesser 65) By altering plant genes, scientist can also create bug and herbicide resistant cotton and plants that produce biodegradable plastics and human proteins for medical treatments. John Dyson a writer and contributor to Reade’s Digest disagrees with those who fear the consequences of biotechnology, he argues that regulations are in place to prevent the abuse of this new technology as before there was very little to no regulations. Today Genetic engineering of foods heavily prospers. It has been recorded that an estimated 87% of U.S. soy, 52% of U.S. corn, 55% of U.S. canola and 79%of U.S. cotton has and continues to be genetically grown in the U.S. After Scientist, and government agencies have established correct regulations and in depth research about Genetically Engineered products they have concluded that they do not contribute any harm to anyone or anything. There is more land cleared every year for genetically engineered crops then for conventional crops. (Wekesser 23) Genetic Engineering has produced a revolution in biotechnology by creating high quality plants and animals that are more disease resistant and more nutritious. Richard J. Mahoney (29) emphasizes the following â€Å"while the United States is the world’s leader in biotechnology, it is facing strong competition from Japan and other nations.† The United States must continue investing in biotechnology if the nation is to prosper. The Japanese have been so interested in biotechnology, that they have proclaimed it a national priority to invest in biotechnologies. By staying ahead in biotechnology America will have an advantage in the global economy. Although Genetic Engineering has been proven safe and effective there is still those who don’t and will not support it for ethical reasons and personal reasons. For those people there are still alternatives. We still have a huge variety of products that are grown naturally; these products can be found in almost any supermarket. The negative to this is that farmers have to raise the price of their products because it cost more to grow food the conventional way rather than genetically.(Kimbrell 42) Although there will be no worries about organic food, GE foods still beat Conventional foods in the nutritional category. This is because GE foods can be enriched with more proteins and minerals. Genetically Engineered foods have been offered to countries such as Africa in order to help out with starvation. Agricultural biotechnology, whereby seeds are enhanced to instill herbicide tolerance and provide resistance to insects and disease, hold great promise for Africa and other areas of the world where circumstances such as poverty and poor growing conditions make farming difficult. Too many children are suffering from malnutrition and hunger. Genetically Engineered crops are the key for Africa and poor nations to end starvation and save many lives. I agree that genetically modified foods should be continued to be our main source of growing and producing crops. The public needs to start and continue supporting this way of life. It is the quickest, safest, and low cost effective way of producing groups. GM foods allow us to developed ways of growing crops that use less water, pesticides less care. This allows us to create food for the global economy so that we can meet everyone’s needs and prevent starvation. Research Papers on Genetic Engineering and FoodGenetic EngineeringPETSTEL analysis of IndiaBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andQuebec and CanadaThe Project Managment Office SystemMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesRiordan Manufacturing Production Plan

Justifying the Death Penalty essays

Justifying the Death Penalty essays The death penalty will always be a topic some people refuse to talk about. When in fact, it is a very serious topic and people should know how and why the death penalty is not justified. I believe the death penalty is not justified in the least bit because there are people sitting up in prison just living life because the state does not want to pay for an execution, or they find it to be morally corrupt. Personally if you committed a crime that resulted in someone dying then you deserves to die as well. The idea of killing another human does not sit well with people and that is mainly the reason why they are against the death penalty, when they should be for the death penalty because it will cost the state less and a person who took a life will no longer be walking the earth. The death penalty which was established in the nineteen hundreds was created to put people to death for the crime they have committed. My argument for this topic is I am for the death penalty in many different ways. If a person is about to be sentenced to death they might possibly take a plea bargain.Interviews with prosecutors and defense attorneys in a state where the maximum punishment for murder is death and a state where the maximum punishment for murder is life without parole are used to explore the role of the death penalty as leverage in plea bargaining, as compared to the role of a maximum sentence of life without parole (Ehrhard-Dietzel, 2012). It cost the state nearly 216,000 dollars to follow through with a prisoner being executed. Yes, this seems like a lot of money but in turn it is actually a lot less than it costs to pay for an inmate to live in prison for the rest of their life until they die. It cost about sixty five dollars a day to house an inmate so if you mul tiply that by 365 days you get 23,725. If you multiply that by 50 years then you get 1,186,250. This is how much the state is paying for each prisoner to live on death r...

Major General Henry Heth - American Civil War

Major General Henry Heth - American Civil War Henry Heth - Early Life Career: Born December 16, 1825 at Black Heath, VA, Henry Heth (pronounced heeth) was the son of John and Margaret Heth.   The grandson of a veteran of the American Revolution and son of a naval officer from the War of 1812, Heth attended private schools in Virginia before seeking a military career.   Appointed to the US Military Academy in 1843, his classmates included his boyhood friend Ambrose P. Hill as well as Romeyn Ayres, John Gibbon, and Ambrose Burnside.   Proving a poor student, he matched his cousins, George Pickett, 1846 performance by graduating last in his class.   Commissioned as a brevet second lieutenant, Heth received orders to join the 1st US Infantry which was engaged in the Mexican-American War.    Arriving south of the border later that year, Heth reached his unit after large-scale operations had concluded.   After participating in a number of skirmishes, he returned north the following year.   Assigned to the frontier, Heth moved through postings at  Fort Atkinson, Fort Kearny, and Fort Laramie.   Seeing action against the Native Americans, he earned a promotion to first lieutenant in June 1853.   Two years later, Heth was promoted to captain in the newly-formed 10th US Infantry.   That September, he earned recognition for leading a key flanking attack against the  Sioux during the Battle of Ash Hollow.   In 1858, Heth penned the US Armys first manual on marksmanship entitled  A System of Target Practice. Henry Heth - The Civil War Begins:      With the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter and beginning of the Civil War in April 1861, Virginia left the Union.   After the departure of his home state, Heth resigned his commission in the US Army and accepted a captains commission in the Virginia Provisional Army.   Quickly advanced to lieutenant colonel, he briefly served as General Robert E. Lees quartermaster general in Richmond.   A critical time for Heth, he became one of the few officers to earn Lees patronage and was the only one referred to by his first name.   Made colonel of the 45th Virginia Infantry later year, his regiment was assigned to western Virginia.   Operating in the Kanawha Valley, Heth and his men served under Brigadier General John B. Floyd.   Promoted to brigadier general on January 6, 1862, Heth led a small force entitled the Army of the New River that spring.   Engaging Union troops in May, he fought several defensive actions but was badly beaten on the 23rd when his command was routed near Lewisburg.   Despite this setback, Heths actions helped screen Major General Thomas Stonewall Jacksons campaign in the Shenandoah Valley.   Re-forming his forces, he continued to serve in the mountains until June when orders arrived for his command to join Major General Edmund Kirby Smith at Knoxville, TN.             Henry Heth - Kentucky Campaign: Arriving in Tennessee, Heths brigade began moving north in August as Smith marched to support General Braxton Braggs invasion of Kentucky.   Advancing into the eastern part of the state, Smith captured Richmond and Lexington before dispatching Heth with a division to menace Cincinnati.   The campaign ended when Bragg elected to withdraw south after the Battle of Perryville.   Rather than risk being isolated and defeated by Major General Don Carlos Buell, Smith joined with Bragg for the retreat back to Tennessee.   Remaining there through the fall, Heth assumed command of the Department of East Tennessee in January 1863.   The following month, after lobbying from Lee, he received an assignment to Jacksons corps in the Army of Northern Virginia.    Henry Heth - Chancellorsville Gettysburg: Taking command of a brigade in his old friend Hills Light Division, Heth first led his men in combat early that May at the Battle of Chancellorsville.   On May 2, after Hill fell wounded, Heth assumed leadership of the division and gave a credible performance though his assaults the next day were turned back.   Following Jacksons death on May 10, Lee moved to reorganize his army into three corps.   Giving Hill command of the newly-created Third Corps, he directed that Heth lead a division comprised of two brigades from the Light Division and two recently arrived from the Carolinas.   With this assignment came a promotion to major general on May 24.        Ã‚   Marching north in June as part of Lees invasion of Pennsylvania, Heths division was near Cashtown, PA on June 30.   Alerted to the presence of Union cavalry in Gettysburg by Brigadier General James Pettigrew, Hill ordered Heth to conduct a reconnaissance in force towards the town the following day.   Lee approved the action with the restriction that Heth was not to cause a major engagement until the entire army was concentrated at Cashtown.   Approaching the town on July 1, Heth quickly became engaged with Brigadier General John Bufords cavalry division and opened the Battle of Gettysburg.   Initially unable to dislodge, Buford, Heth committed more of his division to the fight. The scale of the battle grew as Major General John Reynolds Union I Corps arrived on the field.   As the day progressed, additional forces arrived spreading the fighting west and north of the town.   Taking heavy losses through the day, Heths division finally succeeded in pushing Union troops back to Seminary Ridge.   With support from Major General W. Dorsey Pender, a final push saw this position captured as well.   During the course of the fighting that afternoon, Heth fell wounded when a bullet struck him in the head.   Saved by a thick new hat that had been stuffed with paper to improve the fit, he was unconscious for the better part of a day and played no further role in the battle. Henry Heth - Overland Campaign: Resuming command on July 7, Heth directed the fighting at Falling Waters as the Army of Northern Virginia retreated south.   That fall, the division again took heavy losses when it attacked without proper scouting at the Battle of Bristoe Station.   After taking part in the Mine Run Campaign, Heths men went into winter quarters.   In May 1864, Lee moved to block Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grants Overland Campaign.   Engaging the Major General Winfield S. Hancocks Union II Corps at the Battle of the Wilderness, Heth and his division fought hard until relieved by Lieutenant General James Longstreets approaching corps.   Returning to action on May 10 at the Battle of Spotsylvania Court House, Heth attacked and drove back a division led by Brigadier General Francis Barlow. After seeing further action at North Anna in late May, Heth anchored the Confederate left during the victory at Cold Harbor.   Having been checked, Grant elected to move south, cross the James River, and march against Petersburg.   Reaching that city, Heth and the rest of Lees army blocked the Union advance.   As a Grant commenced the siege of Petersburg, Heths division took part in many of the actions in the area.   Frequently occupying the extreme right of the Confederate line, he mounted unsuccessful attacks against his classmate Romeyn Ayres division at Globe Tavern in late August.   This was followed assaults at the Second Battle of Reams Station a few days later. Henry Heth - Final Actions: On October 27-28, Heth, leading Third Corps due to Hill being ill, succeeded in blocking Hancocks men at the Battle of Boydton Plank Road.   Remaining in the siege lines through the winter, his division came under assault on April 2, 1865.   Mounting a general attack against Petersburg, Grant succeeded in breaking through and forced Lee to abandon the city.   Retreating toward Sutherlands Station, the remnants of Heths division were defeated there by Major General Nelson A. Miles later in the day.   Though Lee desired to have him lead Third Corps after Hills death on April 2, Heth remained separated from the bulk of the command during the early parts of the Appomattox Campaign. Withdrawing west, Heth was with Lee and the rest of the Army of Northern Virginia when it surrendered at Appomattox Court House on April 9.   In the years after the war, Heth worked in mining and later in the insurance industry.   Additionally, he served as a surveyor in the Office of Indian Affairs as well as assisted in the compilation of the US War Departments  Official Records of the War of the Rebellion.   Plagued by kidney disease in his later years, Heth died at Washington, DC on September 27, 1899.   His remains were returned to Virginia and interred in Richmonds Hollywood Cemetery.      Ã‚      Selected Sources Gettysburg Generals: Henry HethCivil War Trust: Henry Heth Civil War: Henry Heth

FAmily Health Assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

FAmily Health Assessment - Essay Example She reports being a binge drinker, whereby she takes one bottles of beer a day. However, during the weekends she consumes more. This risky health behaviour predisposes her to liver and cardiovascular diseases (Chesla, 2010). Nutritionally, the mother reports periods of appetite loss and often forced to consume little quantity of food. The son is allergic to most protein foods including eggs and red meat. The father and the daughter report normal indexes in nutritional standards. The family members consume an average of six glasses of water each on a daily basis. On sleep and rest pattern, the father reports that he does not sleep well especially if there are some noise in the neighbourhood. The mother reports incidences of sleep disturbance, which she cannot know the cause. Despite being college students, the son and the daughter report adequate resting time especially off the learning hours. Sleep disturbance in the father and the mother could result to increment in stress level. On elimination pattern, the father reports difficulty in micturition and a higher urgency in micturition. The mother reports incidences of constipation that resolves spontaneously. The children, however reported normal incidences in elimination pattern. The urgency and dysuria in the father could result from infection of the urinary system and could lead to an altered self-esteem. Constipation in the mother could result from alteration in appetite thus preventing consumption of roughage. Both the mother and the father were advised to seek hospital-specialised interventions (Diehl, 2007). All the family members are active partakers of activity and exercise involvement. Both the son and a daughter have a gym membership of the college and the father and mother reports frequent cases of outdoor jogging and involvement in physical activity. No member of the family reported an unnatural exhaustion during the physical activity and exercise. In the

Final Reflection Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Final Reflection Paper - Essay Example These tools and methods when effectively and correctly applied, the goal is achieved and this can be obtained by also working with an expert researcher in the field. I have discovered through this study that the central theme in every research is in discovering the problem. This is the first approach in any research that calls for concise analysis of the problem described in a clear and precise term that is easy to understand (Leedy & Ormrod, 2013).Once this is done, the researcher can view literature that is related with the subject of study thoroughly and efficiently in order to gather enough information that would lead in the planning of research design. The research process, therefore, takes a course in which a researcher communicates his thoughts, objectives, plans, and methods in a manner that others can read (Leedy & Ormrod, 2013). Through this approach, it is imperative that any research collect adequate information and examine them keenly with a motive of constructing a rich and meaningful picture of a situation. In conclusion, the essence of research is not in merely collecting information but in arriving at a solution to the problem. Having garnered this wealth of information, it is easier for me to correctly undertake a research and achieve