Predjudice and Discrimination as a Part of Our Cognitive...

Predjudice and Discrimination as a Part of Our Cognitive Social Being Prejudice and Discrimination are an all to common part of our cognitive social being, but many social psychologists believe that it can be stopped, but only with the help of social conditioning. In this writing I hope to explain and point out some key terms and points made in my assigned chapter. Prejudice refers to a special type of attitude, usually something negative toward any group or ethnicity that is not of ones own social class. Attitude plays a very important role in ones cognitive framework, in that it forces our minds to process information on certain social groups differently making a cognitive earmark for that individual group†¦show more content†¦Everything in our society was segregated, every group had their own facilities and were not to be used by members of a different group. At this time people felt less remorse for expressing openly racist views. They would state that they were against school desegregation , that they viewed minority groups as inferior in various ways , and that they would consider moving away if persons belonging to these groups took up residence in their neighborhood(Ch.6 Pp.215, Sears 1988). These days many people wouldnt dare express these views because of the way social conditioning has made it so that the person would be looked down upon by his peers. New racism opposed to the old fashion kind is far more subtle these days because of the enlightenment of our time, yet it still exists. Some examples of this modern racism are that of Tokenism and reverse discrimination. Tokenism is the performance of trivial or small scale positive actions for people who are the target of prejudice (Ch.6 Pp.216) These are just ideological terms used today to explain social differences. One of the oldest explanations for prejudice in our society is that of the realistic conflict theory. According to this view, prejudice stems from competition among social groups over valued commodities or opportunities. In short, prejudice develops out of the struggle over jobs, adequate housing , good schools, and other desirable out comes

The Frontier Of American History - 1116 Words

In the Significance of the Frontier in American History, Frederick Jackson Turner discusses the understanding of the West as a concept. Turner’s claims included that the expansion into the frontier fueled individualism, stimulated democracy and nationalism, and widened the opportunity of advancement. In the census of 1890, the frontier no longer had a place in the report because the previously unsettled areas had been broken into areas of settlement. Turner uses the definition of two people per square mile of land as the frontier’s official closing, and no longer a point of historical relevance. In the essay, Turner points out the differences in America’s expansion with other nations. Other nations developed in a confined area, then†¦show more content†¦The problem developed from excess credit of one of the field’s founders, Frederick Jackson Turner. Although Turner’s writings left out large groups of people, many Americans viewed Turnerâ⠂¬â„¢s thesis as Western history. When Turner’s ideas began to be criticized, that something had gone wrong in Western history, not Turner’s thesis. The view of Western history slowly began to change. Turner recognized the national significance of the frontier, so abandoning him would threaten the place of the West in American history (Limerick). In 1984, American historian Patricia Limerick attended a history conference. All of the focus of the history of America was on the revolutionary war in the East. This inspired her to write Legacy of Conquest. Limerick wanted to reclaim what other historians have said, critique Turner, but not throw the idea of the west away. Her thesis argues the West as a place of property and cultural dominance. Limerick defines the West as a place of conquest and diversity. Limerick stresses the West as a place rather than a process, but didn’t draw exact borders of the region. Limerick deemphasizes the â€Å"end† of the frontier; she argues that the West was an important meeting ground for a diversity of languages, cultures, and religions, including minorities Turner left out. This blending of diversity in the West is anShow MoreRelatedThe Frontier Of American History1567 Words   |  7 PagesThe Frontier in American History was one of the most famous essays by Frederick Turner in the nineteenth century. In this essay, Turner expressed his thoughts about how the frontier set up and created unique American characteristics. He explained the idea of American exceptionalism, which states that America is different than other nations in the world. The development of America included many significant events, and our nation s identity was made up by many factors, not just only the frontierRead MoreThe Significance of the Frontier in American History1439 Words   |  6 Pagesalong the American frontier? What Turner wants to point out here is that the American West is the most important feature of American history, and of the development of its society. He refers several times to a process of â€Å"Americanization† and we will see that the definition he gives of it is a very peculiar one. He gives a definition of the frontier: â€Å"it lies at the hither edge of free land†, meaning that he considers the Indian territory to be free land. According to him the frontier is the â€Å"meetingRead MoreResponse to Turners Essay on The Significance of the Frontier in American History501 Words   |  3 PagesSignificance of the Frontier in American History Turners The Significance of the Frontier in American History essay presents the primary model for comprehending American history. Turner developed his notions on the uncovering of the 1890 census that the frontier was coming to an end, that the nation had occupied its continental borders. As Turner discusses in his essay, an extensive era of American development approached an ending, but left enduring marks on American societyRead MoreThe Frontiers of American History in Last Child of the Woods by Richard Louv 581 Words   |  3 PagesIn the second chapter of Last Child of the Woods, Richard Louv makes the claim that there have been three frontiers in the course of American history. The first phase was the original frontier, before the Industrial Revolution. This was the time of the prairie schooner, the cowboy, the herds of bison that were thousands strong. This was a rough, hard time, when man and nature were constantly thrown together. There was wilderness to spare, and people were willing to move West to get to it. Read MoreHistory Of The American Western Frontier Through Narratives, Testimonies, And Primary Documents1350 Words   |  6 Pageshistorical books, this book offers a different angle on viewing the history of the American western frontier—through narratives, testimonies, and primary documents that capture the true voices of the Native Americans. Spanning across the 1860s to the 1890s, Dee Brown tells the plight of the Native Americans after their contact with the American settlers and the United States government. The repetitive stories of the Native American groups during the second half of the nineteenth century— the welcomingRead MoreThe Significance Of The Frontier By Frederick Jackson Turner869 Words   |  4 Pages Frederick Jackson Turner s â€Å"The Significance of the Frontier† is, in his eyes, an accurate depiction of America s development since the Colonial Period. However, Turner s Frontier Thesis fails to discuss the involvement of two very specifi c groups of people, groups that certainly had too much of an effect on the progression of the country for him to safely leave out. Native Americans have a pivotal role in America s history, yet Turner s mentions of them in his thesis are extremely limitedRead MoreRediscovering The American Frontier Of The United States882 Words   |  4 PagesRediscovering the American Frontier Humans have always had a sense of curiosity for the unknown and a greedy fascination for individual growth without seeing the repercussions on others. The United States culminates these qualities not only as a first-world country but it can also be seen from the very beginnings of the nation’s history. The philosophies’ of early settlers in the United States was to have equality between the people, however Americans failed to incorporate this ideology of equalityRead MoreFrederick Turner Jackson: Frontier Thesis1136 Words   |  5 Pagesaround him, Turner chose to become a history professor, devoting his entire life to studying American culture/society while teaching at the University of Wisconsin and Harvard. Constantly having the opportunity to study and observe the development of the â€Å"American†, Turner wrote extensively, about which attributes composed and influenced American democracy, societal values, and image. He published an essay, â€Å"The Signi ficance of the Frontier in American History† about these topics in 1893, and presentedRead MoreEssay On Wilderness And The Frontier1421 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"wilderness† and the â€Å"frontier.† Concepts of wilderness and the frontier have greatly shaped the perception of the West. Perceptions of the frontier and wilderness have changed over time; first, Turner’s frontier thesis described the frontier and wilderness an uninhabited land of opportunity; second, new historians challenged Turner and claimed wilderness and the frontier were merely constructs of society; lastly, concepts of the frontier and wilderness expanded past the American West—into space andRead MoreEssay about Turner Thesis Summary653 Words   |  3 PagesTurner Thesis Summary Throughout history society has to go through many changes that not only affect many of the people but also the areas around the transformation. The main point of Fredrick Jackson Turner’s thesis is what the real essence of America is, and how we’re all influenced by the many changes we have to go through. He believes that American history should not be focused on the extension of European enterprise. The society will have to realize that America will have to be emancipated

Animal Rights vs. Human Health †Comparative Essay Free Essays

Jackie Dansky English 1A – 69 David Banuelos March 10, 2011 Animal Rights vs. Human Health Developments of cures, vaccines and treatments for human illnesses have been done through animal testing. Over 25 million animals are tested each year in the United States (Stephanie Ernst, 2008): â€Å"It’s impossible to know exactly how many animals are being used in research because U. We will write a custom essay sample on Animal Rights vs. Human Health – Comparative Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now S. laws do not require scientists to report how many mice, rats, or birds they use† (ASPCA). Animals are used to interpret what medicine effects will do to the human body; they will give the closest results. The real question when it comes to animal experimentation is not if it is wrong or right, but if it is for the better. Kristina Cook poses that animal testing has benefited medicine, while Natasha Bantwal presents that more harm is done than helped. Kristina Cook is an Oxford student in the department of chemistry, and wrote â€Å"Pro-Test: supporting animal testing,† arguments sustaining animal testing for medical uses. Natasha Bantwal is a basic writer and wrote â€Å"Arguments Against Animal Testing,† arguments opposing the usage of animals for experimentation. A very common argument is that animals are being ‘tortured’ when they are being tested on. Cook approaches the issue quickly stating that â€Å"animal rights activists often demonise scientists, pretending that they are sadists who enjoy torturing animals just for the sake of it. There are countless examples of the lengths to which scientists go to minimize the suffering of animals. But the simple point is that scientists are not sadists: they act in the way that they see fit. † (Cook, 2006) However, the arguments are beyond that. They share two common grounds: animal testing has helped scientifically and medically, and that animal testing has been erroneous. Although Cook and Bantwal agree that animal testing has been helpful, they have different approaches and viewpoints on how helpful it really has been. Cook declares that â€Å"vaccines, antibiotics, transplant surgeries, medical devices†¦ and other developments would not be here today if animal testing ad not been used. † (Cook, 2006) As a counterargument, Bantwal asserts â€Å"the most commonly help perception (or rather misconception) of animal testing is that it is necessary for the development of cures, vaccines, and other treatments for human illness. † (Bantwal) Animal rights activists are attempting to discontinue all animal testings. There have been alternatives reported, bu t none can match as much accuracy and precision as animals would. Bantwal uses cancer as an example of ridding animal testing: â€Å"with countless innocent animals, billions of dollars and more than 30 to 40 years being spent on the war against cancer, one would expect concrete results show up if animal experimentation was actually as effective as it is made out to be†¦ Many cancer funds and organizations have claimed that we are now losing the war against cancer because this animal-based cancer research is failing, and it just downright stinks. † (Bantwal) She implies that animals don’t need to be tested on if they can’t even help to find the cure of big illnesses. Cook, unlike Bantwal, looks at the glass half full. She considers all the drugs that have been animal tested in the past that have been successful, and looks forward to the more cures that will be discovered through this type of experimentation. All cures and vaccines are tested on animals, but are animals a reliable source when it comes to vaccines? Bantwal discusses about the undependable basis of animals’ effect on a particular drug compared to a human’s effect. For example, she pronounces that there has been no progress in the cure for AIDS because animals are incapable of getting the AIDS disease. Cook affirms that testing drugs in animal help researchers find the potential dangers and faults it will achieve, and to understand â€Å"the metabolism of drug compounds and consequent effects seen throughout the body. † (Cook, 2006) She states that the alternatives of animal testing, such as a computer generator, won’t be as sufficient. Bantwal states â€Å"[Pro-Animal Testing] believe that if animal experimentation is stopped, then it will be at the expense of life and the human health. (Bantwal) She tries to compensate that obliterating any and all animal testing will not have a big changed impact in the medical field. She then argues that â€Å"it is dangerous and fraudulent to apply data retrieved from one species to another entirely different species. † (Bantwal) Cook does admit that there have been errors in the field. Both Cook and Bantwal use the Thalidomide as an example of rebuttal. It came out in 1956 as a sedative for pregnant mothers to overcome m orning sickness. It was successful in animal testing, and spread around the world in a few years. Unfortunately, it caused birth defects in the womb. Bantwal quotes ‘safety testing’ and states, â€Å"tens of thousands of children who’s mothers had used this drug were born with severe deformities. † (Bantwal) Cook argues that if they had done more testings on animals, that the birth defect would have been detected. She understands that the scientists messed up because they forgot to test prenatal animals. She attacks the animal rights group with: â€Å"animal rights groups confuse an error resulting from an absence of testing with one resulting from conducting tests on animals. (Cook, 2006) Cook believes that they don’t understand what they are arguing. Their example of the Thalidomide is really suggesting to do more animal testing so then it will be more accurate and precise: â€Å"a few more animals, and countless human lives would have been saved. † (Cook, 2006) Overall, animals are continued being used as experiments for all humansâ₠¬â„¢ health. Whether for or against animal testing, everybody has to be appreciative and acknowledge the benefits scientists and animals have brought. It’s like a competition between animals and humans: which race should be protected more? Both Kristina Cook and Natasha Bantwal share their perspectives and only agree upon one thing: animal testing has helped scientists and the medical field. Now, which is more important to you: animal rights or human health? Work Cited: Bantwal, Natasha. â€Å"Arguments Against Animal Testing. † Buzzle Web Portal: Intelligent Life on the Web. Web. 06 Mar. 2011. ;http://www. buzzle. com/articles/argument-against-animal-testing. html;. Cook, Kristina. â€Å"Spiked-science | Article | Pro-Test: Supporting Animal Testing. † Spiked: Humanity Is Underrated. 23 Feb. 2006. Web. 06 Mar. 2011. ;http://www. spiked-online. om/articles/0000000CAF94. htm;. Ernst, Stephanie. â€Å"Animal Use and Abuse Statistics: The Shocking Numbers. † Change. org News. 5 Oct. 2008. Web. 05 Mar. 2011. ;http://news. change. org/stories/animal-use-and-abuse-statistics-the-shocking-numbers;. â€Å"11 Facts about Animal Testing | Do Something. † Volunteer | Do Something. ASPCA. Web. 05 Mar. 2 011. ;http://www. dosomething. org/tipsandtools/11-facts-about-animal-testing;. Long, Tony. â€Å"Oct. 1, 1957: Thalidomide Cures Morning Sickness, But †¦ † Wired. com. 01 Oct. 2008. Web. 06 Mar. 2011. ;http://www. wired. com/science/discoveries/news/2008/09/dayintech_1001;. How to cite Animal Rights vs. Human Health – Comparative Essay, Essays

Gender Norm Violation free essay sample

Men have. For example, before receiving my pedicure I called a few friends and family member so, I could obtain their thoughts and views on the subject. I was shocked by the amount of negative criticism that I acquired. I was ridiculed by my closest friends whom I thought would be more accepting. The way that they tried to restore gender role normalcy was by asking if my girl friend was forcing me to attend. After denying the involvement of a woman I was back to square one trying to defend my sexuality. I preached that pedicures were more than Just listening to girl talk your bout what shade of pink to color their toe nails. I even informed, too my narrow minded friends, that pedicures releases stress, makes overall appearance look better, and adds softness to your feet. But the fact was I was fghting a battle that I could not win. We will write a custom essay sample on Gender Norm Violation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This culture of ours has such an influence on individuals that its tough to construct gender roles that are outside of normalcy. Besides all the criticisms and being called a fag the overall experience was very enjoyable. I did this gender role violation experiment at the nail salon that is located in the Cherry Valley mall. When I as at the nail salon I did not feel as if I was violating any gender role as a man. The employees treated me with a professional attitude that didnt seem to change when confronted by different sexes. While waiting for the cosmetologist to prepare the massage chair and adjust the water temperature. I was able to view the large variety of different colors of nail polish. At this point in time I started to feel uncomfortable about painting my toes any shade of pink. T hats when it hit me, consciously I was aware that I was doing this experiment, basically for a grade. But something inside e said there is no way in hell Im going to walk out of here wearing bitch flops with pink toes. That voice that came deep within me was not a natural instinct. I was not born with this idea that pink toes should only be on the foot of a women. This idea was socially constructed so we can have a fine line between men and women. I believe men and women are more comfortable interacting with each other when this distinction is clearer. In the end, that socially constructed male dominate voice talked me out of the pink and poke-a-doted design and went with a standard clear coat; that nly added a mere shine to my nail. To wrap the pedicure up she ended with a very nice massage that even the manly-est. man would enjoy. To conclude my pedicure, as with most services, was at the cash register. To my knowledge a pedicure was twenty five dollars. Which was the same price listed on the sign behind the register. Come to find out that pedicures for men were five dollars more than for a woman. Struggling to understand what this little Chinese women, which barely spoke any English, was try to explain. What I comprehended was that a mans foot demands more labor then he average female. This was very shocking to me. The fact being, that the only reason I was there was to better understand stereotypes against gender. When I was being victimized by these same sexist stereotypes. In conclusion I believe people need to get past this idea of gender roles giving to us by society. In my opinion people need to develop their own gender identity depending on how they feel not anyone else. Adaption to this idea wont be easy, but I believe that its now In progress. In the past homosexuality wasnt as acceptable as it is today.