Anton chekhov critic research paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Anton chekhov critic - Research Paper Example His is rather the cynical chuckle of a grown-up watching a child assume grimaces of deep earnestness and self-importance†. This is a unique type of humor that Chekhov captured masterfully in his early career and it is nice to see it appreciated by critics. This opinion of Chekhov is important because it shows that he did not take life too importantly. Many authors become overly serious about their craft and are unable to look at themselves objectively. This can completely ruin people, as once you begin taking yourself too seriously you lose your edge. In his earlier stories, Fagin claims that Chekhov had a much better sense of humour and did not take himself too seriously. This made these easier stories much more enjoyable to read, as â€Å"his earlier stories the laughable, and it is a more or less cheerful laugh, with little of the serious behind it† (Fagin). As Chekhov’s career carried on, however, Fagin noticed that he began to look at life differently and his stories suffered as a result. This is unfortunate, but it is probably a direct result of his upbringing in Russia and the social landscape during that time period. Fagin writes, â€Å"But as the stories grow more in volume, the undercurrent of gloom and a stifled groan of pain become more and more audible, until, in the later volumes, his laugh quite eloquently suggest the ominous combination of submission to Fate and Mephistophelian despair†. This shows that there was a fair amount of gloom in his life, as he did not know what the future would hold, but he did not believe that it would be positive for him and his country. No one knows for sure why Chekhov’s style of writing changed, but is very likely that the impact of the Russian political system had a major impact on it. This political system is though to be very dreary and to take a great deal of hope away from people, so it is possible that Chekhov essentially lost hope in life and that his writing shows this. No matter what the reason for

QUO VADIS ANTHROPOLOGISTS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

QUO VADIS ANTHROPOLOGISTS - Essay Example In this regard, anthropology, ethnology and ethnography are fairly new as academic professions because these disciplines came out of the encounter of Western colonizers in the age of exploration and empire with non-Western colonized peoples in Asia, Pacific, Africa and in the Middle East regions. Anthropological research and field studies not surprisingly take the Western view of the world in trying to make sense out of a sheer diversity of native cultures. Anthropology now must take a stand to stay relevant by seeking remedies to social inequities. Discussion Broadly speaking, anthropology and ethnography had three distinct phases which are salvaging of what is left of native cultures before these are lost forever, the romantic notions of doing some extensive fieldwork by living among the natives and lastly, both the anti- and post-colonial mentality of later generations of anthropologists. Again, almost always, anthropologists had been in most instances apologists (pun intended), f or colonialism and imperialism by using an ideology of Manifest Destiny. It is only now that anthropology is trying to make amends, by being proactive instead of reactive, as it had shown in the past, merely recording what has been but not taking action for preserving local societies and cultures with a stronger form of advocacy, afraid of politicizing the profession. On hindsight, it can hardly do otherwise. Anthropologists cannot be mere observers forever; people continue to suffer under newer forms of colonialism. American anthropology largely came about as a result of the settlement of the wild west when much of America was considered as frontier territory, up for grabs by the white settlers in a fantastic land grab from the native American Indians through a justification of using the Manifest Destiny ideology to assuage the guilty conscience of the new settlers. It was an unrelenting kind of campaign to drive out locals from their native lands, which finally came to a head when Ishi is thought to be the last of his kind. In a way, anthropology had failed him because although most of the anthropologists knew he was the last of his tribe, they did not make any concerted effort to revive his tribal culture when the Yahi language is somewhat related to other native dialects and they could have encouraged him to get married, produce some offspring and perpetuate his tribe. It is a sad commentary anthropology was not able to save Ishi or his tribe; he went the way of the dodo (a flightless bird), an extinct species. Anthropologists could have saved him from the fate of the dodo, but instead, they were so happy to have found a supposedly fine specimen of a real wild Indian they proceeded to study him and his myths, language, and other cultural aspects of his soon-to-be extinct tribe, collecting additional artifacts for a museum (Riffe & Roberts 1995). The effort to drive out the native American Indians was relentless and ruthless, resulting in massacres because of an uneven fight using bows and arrows versus rifles and cannons. It is a culmination that resulted in the few remaining survivors forced to transfer into reservations. The discipline of anthropology did not try to mitigate this brutal aspect of the war of pacification but instead was just content to collect some samples and specimens to be displayed in the museums. A white anthropologist would surely have a hard time doing some fieldwork by living among the Indians as the natives were mostly hostile, like that back in Kenya (Evans-Pritchard 1976:252). The same pattern continues today in which some people and races

Leonardo DiVinci Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Leonardo DiVinci - Research Paper Example The latter was highly impressed with the boy’s talent and Leonardo thus â€Å"entered the studio† of an artist and sculptor, where he met several other craftsmen, including Botticelli and Lorenzo Di Credi (Brockwell 4). The interaction he had with many such artists had a profound impact on him and it also bred in him a sense of competition. The most unique trait about Da Vinci was that he had ventured into all areas of â€Å"human learning† and left an indelible mark there (Brokwell 4). He, thus, nurtured a yearning for attaining perfection over his peers and became one of the most renowned artists in this world. His legacy to the human civilization came from a wide range of disciplines such as science, art, philosophy, sculpture, architecture, mathematics, engineering, writing and music. Leonardo Da Vinci had a lot to offer the world and he was greatly influenced by the time he was born in, the Renaissance period. His genius was further enhanced and shaped by the art training he underwent in Florence, a city prominent for its art. His apprenticeship under A D Verrocchio lasted for seventeen years. In the year 1469, Lorenzo and Giuliano de Medici embraced their duty to rule Florence as heirs to the throne, after the death of their father. This was good news for Leonardo, as both of them were art lovers and they understood full and well the significance of art. In 1472, Leonardo â€Å"became a member of the painter’s guild† of Florence, as he was qualified to be master just like the rest of the members (Koestler-Grack 128). His earliest work is thought to be the portrait of the ‘Feast of Santa Maria delle Neve,’ which he painted in 1473. In 1476, Leonardo was charged with an â€Å"anonymous accusation of sodomy,† but later the charge was dropped as there were no valid evidences (Greenberg 308). Leonardo â€Å"witnesses† â€Å"Bernardo di Bandio† being

Bring Safe Drinking Water to the World Essay Example for Free

Bring Safe Drinking Water to the World Essay Lack of clean water for drinking affect many people in every continent. Around one-fifth of the population in the world stays in areas of physical scarcity while five hundred million people are said to be approaching this situation. This problem is more serious in Africa than in any other continent. Lack of safe water for drinking is explored in the accompanying paper. In this paper, results of lack of clean drinking water in Africa is assessed more so in Sub-Saharan Africa. This paper also explores the impact of water scarcity on stability of Africa and the World. It further evaluates how United Nations have helped solve the problem and ways in which developing countries can ensure they have adequate clean water. Lack of safe water for drinking is a one of the leading problem in the world. It has an impact on over 1.1 billion people all over the world. Safe drinking water is defined by World health Organization, United Nations Children’s Fund and Joint Monitoring Program for Water Supply and Sanitation as water that has microbial, physical and chemical characteristics that meet the guidelines of National standard on quality of drinking water (Campbell, Caldwell, Hopkins, Heaney, Wing, Wilson, et al. 2013). Lack of safe drinking water is looked through a population to water equation treated by hydrologists as 7,700 cubic meters per person. This is the threshold for meeting water requirement for every industrial, agricultural production and the environment. It is said that a threshold of less than 1,000 cubic meters of water represent water scarcity and below 500 cubic meters of water represent a state of absolute scarcity. Inadequate safe drinking water is a major challenge to many countries. It is a major problem for developing countries that are racing forward towards physical limits of expansion of fresh water, expanding urban settlement, commercialization of agriculture and industrial sectors. Fresh water is a crucial resource in development of Africa. It is said that Africa continent has a population of 800 million people. 405 of the total population in Africa lack access to safe drinking water. It is argued that half of people living in rural areas of safe drinking water. It is reported that Sub-Saharan Africa has more water stress than other parts of the world. Sub-Saharan Africa has a population of over 320 million people have no access to quality water. It is said to be the only region in the world that will not be able to meet the 2015 millennium development goal. In 2012, a Conference on ‘’Water Scarcity in Africa: issues and Challenges† was presented with information that by 2030, 255 million to 760 millions in Africa will be staying in areas with high water stress (Barone, 2008). Scarcity of safe drinking water has lead to poor heal in Sub-Saharan Africa. People in water deprived areas use unsafe water that causes spread of waterborne diseases such as cholera, diarrhea, typhoid fever, malaria, trachoma, typhus and plague. Scarcity of safe water forces people to respond by storing water in their households. This further increases chances of water contamination and spread of malaria due to mosquitoes. Infected people with waterborne diseases reduce chances of community development and productivity due to lack of strength. Government resources are used to buy medicine for these people. This takes away funds meant for food supply, school fees and other development projects. It is estimated by Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council that treatment of diarrhea caused by water contamination in Sub-Saharan Africa takes away 12% of countries’ health budget. Government in the areas channels their energy and part of fund allocated for other expenditures to helping people affected by lack of water at the expense of other essential services like maintaining peace and security in the region. Human Development report suggests that use of water by human is mainly on agriculture and irrigation. In Sub-Saharan Africa, agricultural activities account from over 80% of the total water consumption. Majority of people in this region depend on agriculture. In rural areas, 90% of families rely on producing their own food hence water scarcity leads to loss of food security. Conflict arises in this region due to political interferences in irrigated land due to land tenure and ownership problems. Governments in this part of the world lack funds and skilled human resources that can support technology and infrastructure needed for good water management and crop irrigation. Scarcity of safe water makes people use waste water for irrigation. This makes a lot of people to eat food with disease causing organisms. Women in this part of the world are burdened by lack of clean water for drinking. They are the collectors, managers as well as guardian of water in domestic spheres which include household chores such as washing, child rearing and cooking. They spend a considerable amount of time fetching water (Dreibelbis, Winch, Leontsini, Hulland, Ram, Unicomb, et al., 2013). This causes a decrease in the time available for education. Their health is also at risk of skeletal damage caused by carrying heavy loads of water every day over long distances. Loss of potential school days and education prevents the next generation of women from holding professional employments. Access to safe water for drinking will make women in Sub-Saharan Africa increase time allocated to education which will make them take leadership positions. Scarcity of water makes many children in this region drop out of school to help in household chores which are made more intense by lack of water. Increase in population in Africa and lack of safe water for drinking has caused a lot of strain and conflict on relations between communities and between countries.It has been argued that Nile River is a source of conflict in nine countries. Water fro Nile River is the only source of sustaining life in both Sudan and Egypt. Egyptians use military force to make sure they retain control over Nile River because she has no other source of water. This conflict runs from the colonial era when England textile factories depended on Sudan and Egypt agricultural activities. After the colonial era, Egypt continued to create political instability in Ethiopia. It blocked international financing agencies from giving loans to Ethiopia in order to finance projects on the river. The conflict is now real because Ethiopia has now managed to carry out water projects on her own like building hydro-power dams and irrigation programs. Egypt has been reported to issue threats of war to Tanzania and Ethiopia. In 1970s, Egypt armed Somalia separatist rebels in Ethiopia in the Somali invasion. The nine involved states have had agreements and treaties in a bid to control conflict. However, treaties and agreements have resulted to inequitable rights of using water from Nile River between countries. An example is a treaty between Great Britain and Ethiopia, Emperor Menelik II, king of kings of Ethiopia. He agreed with the government of His Britannic Majesty not to construct or permit construction projects across Blue Nile, the Sobat and Lake Tana in 1902. In 1906, an agreement between Britain and Government of Independent state of Congo would not construct or permit any construction of projects over or near Semliki or Isango rivet that would reduce the amount of water entering Lake Albert. In 1925, conflict between Egypt and Ethiopia escalated because Ethiopia opposed earlier agreements (Dreibelbis et al., 2013). The League of Nations demanded Italy and British government give an explanation on sovereignty of Ethiopia on Lake Tana. The League of Nations did not help resolve the conflict because there was no self enforcing and reliable mechanism to protect the property rights of stakeholders which is necessary for international water development to be applied. Due to failure of United Nations to help solve the Nile basin conflict, nine riparian states formed a partnership called Nile Basin Initiative. Its mandate is to develop Nile River in a cooperative way, sharing social-economic benefits that promote regional security and peace. World Bank agreed to support the work of Nile Basin Initiative as a development partner as well as an administrator of multi donor Nile Basin Trust Fund. Disputes have also erupted in Niger River Basin. Disagreements and disputes in this basin are caused by limited access to safe drinking water. The disputes are between communities in Mali, Nigeria, and Niger. River flows and rainfall have reduced from 1970s leading to tension between two communities that live in the basin. The two communities are pastoralists and farmers. Pastoralists are forced by lack of water to travel farther with their herds. On the other hand, farmers expand their cropland to take care of increasing population. This reduces pathways that are available to herder and their livestock. Tension increased due to poor policy decisions. In Lokoga in Nigeria, government started dredging Niger River in early 2009 to increase commercial shipping (Huang, Jacangelo Schwab, 2011). The government of Nigeria argued that dredging would help reduce flooding but late farmer suffered from floods in 2010. Farmers resulted to building homes and cultivating land away from the river leading to reduction in land available for grazing. This has facilitated conflict between the two communities greatly. New dams rose built by the government of Nigeria raised ecological issues that provoked hard negotiations over sharing of resources equitably in Niger Basin (Loftus, 2009). It was reported that Mali and Niger did not support construction of dams across the river. Navigation of the river was also constrained by the availability of large boats when water is deep enough. Climate change in Niger Basin has caused a high degree of variability in river flows, rainfall and temperature. The international community is doing little in helping the conflicting countries in the Niger Basin resolve the conflict. Scarcity of safe drinking water has also led to a lot of competition in Volta River basin. Volter River basin is said to be one of the poorest part in Africa continent and is shared by six West African states. People in the basin depend on agriculture as their means of livelihood. The population in West Africa is growing at the rate of 3% thus putting pressure on water resources and land. Burkina Faso is increasing agricultural development upstream using surface resources such as water (Okun, 1991). Water development in Burkina Faso has had a negative impact on Akosombo Dam which Ghana depends on for its energy supply. In 1998, low water level caused energy crisis in Ghana which ended up blaming Burkina Faso water project. Low water levels could have been caused by other factors such as unreliable rainfall variability. Peaceful conflict resolutions could be hindered in the future by insufficient communication between Ghana and Burkina Faso (Ram, Kelsey, Miarintsoa, Rakotomalala, Duns ton, Quick, 2007). Ghana wants to create dams for power generation while Burkina Faso plans to use water for irrigation hence causing conflicts of interest. This conflict received international community recognition which formed a major inter-governmental program to enhance regional cooperation. Green cross water for peace project was put in place to ensure full and also active involvement of representatives of civil societies across the region in generation of basin’s agreement, management policies and principles. Developing countries can learn form developed countries on how to have adequate water supply and sanitation facilities, management of floods, pollution, management of rivers and large dams. Ram et al. (2007) argues that good governance can help address the lack of safe drinking water. He further argues that good governance is essential in procuring loans and aid for water projects form international organizations like world bank, International Monetary Fund, Africa Development bank and from developed countries like Britain, Germany, china, France, united Sates of America and Russia (Rosenberg, 2010). An example of a country that applied good governance to address water problem is South Africa. After Apartheid, the government of South Africa inherited huge problems of access to safe drinking water. It had a population of over 15 million people lacked access to clean water. The government managed to commit itself to high standards and investment subsidies to achieve its goal. From that time South Africa has made good progress to a point where it reached the universal access to improved water source in its urban centers. Similarly, the percentage of people in rural areas with access to clean water increased from sixty six percent to seventy nine percent from 1991 to 2010 (Loftus, 2009). Good governance will help government in developing countries partner with institutions that will help turn all underperforming utilities into good service providers. They would also benefit from the expertise in local, national and international sectors. Research has shown that it is difficult to change processes in water sectors. There has been friction between stakeholder and partners in determining priorities. This led to ambiguities in the role and responsibilities allocation resulting to the high cost of transaction. Just like in developed countries, good governance in developing countries will enable providers and policymakers are accountable to water users. This assists in improving services and enhancing consumer understanding the need for changes and the possible contribution of public private partnership (Ram et al., 2007). Great relationship with international financial institutions will enable developed countries have an adequate supply of safe water. World Bank is known to finance building of infrastructure such as funds to dig boreholes. It usually subsidizes the cost of infrastructure through inter-governmental transfers, donor projects and social development funds (Okun, 1991). Developing countries should consider the use of use Decentralized Mebran Filtration system. This technology provides safe drinking water that is clean. This system employs effective ways of removing surrogate bacteria and parasites from drinking water hat is responsible for contamination of water. This method is affordable to low income countries. Decentralized Mebran Filtration system is appropriate where central municipal water treatment is not possible. It aims to apply integrated bench scale and field scale approach in evaluating sustainability of Decentralized Mebran Filtration system in providing safe drinking water (Huang et al., 2011). Another possible solution is applying desalinization technology. This technology is said to filter salty water through membranes and removing salt through a process of electro dialysis and the reverse osmosis. The technology has worked in over one hundred and thirty countries in Middle East and in North Africa. With this technology, countries that are currently using it produce over six billion gallons of safe drinking water a day. Recycling and filtration should also be encouraged because the two methods are easy and cheap. Conserving water can also be achieved on a smaller scale beginning with improvement in homes (EMD, 2009). Developed countries should explore and exploit underground water. A country like Kenya and Namibia has discovered a 10,000 year old supply of water in underground aquifers. This underground water can satisfy the needs of Namibia for over four hundred years. Researchers argue that throughout Africa, there is twenty times more underground water than volume of surface water. The population of Africa is expected to increase to over two billion in 2050. This implies that countries need to explore other sources of water since traditional sources of fresh water are affected by changes in climate, lack of rainfall and rises in temperature that evaporate lakes and rivers. Other methods that developing countries should encourage their citizens to use include boiling water. It is an efficient method of water sterilization though boiling is costly in terms of fuel use. Another method is solar disinfection by use of ultraviolet radiation. This method is cheap and less damaging. It involves putting water in transparent plastic bottles and exposing it to sunlight for about forty eight hours. This technology cost people nothing by only plastic bottles full of water on corrugated metal roof. Low income countries should also start water projects like water dams and rain catchment systems. These methods are simple and inexpensive. A well close to a village or in a village ensures people do not walk long distances in search of water. It saves time hence making sure there is enough time allocated for other things like learning (Barone, 2008). Campbell et al. (2013) argues that integrated research can help countries achieve adequate supply of safe water for drinking. He attributes the lack of water to fear and inadequate reorganization by communities. He points out that global research can help solve the problem of water scarcity and proper sanitation. This implies that United Nations should put more effort in bringing solutions to water problems. African countries can achieve adequate supply of clean water if they invest in integrated research and funding. They should also put in place policies and infrastructures that attract foreign investments from developed countries such as United States of America, France, China and Russia. Lack of safe water for drinking is a global problem. It affects both developed countries as well as developing countries. United Nations should look for ways to deal with water scarcity and amicable ways of resolving political instabilities resulting from water stress. Developing countries should learn from developed countries on the most appropriate ways of providing clean water. They should maintain good governance and a good environment that can attract foreign investors as well as donors. Through collective effort from all stakeholders, the problem of water can be solved. References Barone, J. (2008). Better Water. Discovery, 29(5), 31-32. Campbell, R. L., Caldwell, D., Hopkins, B., Heaney, C. D., Wing, S., Wilson, S. M., et al. (2013). Integrating Research and Community Organizing to Address Water and Sanitation Concerns in a Community Bordering a Landfill. Journal of Environmental Health, 75(10), 48-50. Dreibelbis, R., Winch, P. J., Leontsini, E., Hulland, K. R., Ram, P. K., Unicomb, L., et al. (2013). The Integrated Behavioural Model for Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene: a systematic review of behavioural models and a framework for designing and evaluating behaviour change interventions in infrastructure-restricted settings. BMC Public Health, 13(1), 1015. EMD Millipore (2013, September 23). EMD Millipore Donates $30,000 to Charity: Water in Recognition of World Water Week. Pharma Business Week, p. 22. Huang, H., Jacangelo, J. G., Schwab, K. J. (2011). Decentralized Membrane Filtration System for Sustainable and Safe Drinking Water Supply in Low-Income Countries: Baseline Study. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 137(11), 981-989. Loftus, A. (2009). Rethinking Political Ecologies of Water. Third World Quarterly, 30(5), 953-968. Okun, D. A. (1991). A Water and Sanitation Strategy for the Developing World. Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development, 33(8), 16-43. Ram, P. K., Kelsey, E., Miarintsoa, R. R., Rakotomalala, O., Dunston, C., Quick, R. E. (2007). Bringing Safe Water to Remote Populations: An Evaluation of a Portable Point-of-Use Intervention in Rural Madagascar. American Journal of Public Health, 97(3), 398-400. Rosenberg, T. (2010). The burden of thirst. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Magazine. Source document

A Review Of Absorption Refrigeration Technologies Engineering Essay

A Review Of Absorption Refrigeration Technologies Engineering Essay Most of industrial processes use a lot of thermal energy by burning fossil fuels to produce steam or heat for various needs in the industry. After the processes, heat is rejected to the surrounding as waste. This waste heat can be converted to useful refrigeration by using a heat operated refrigeration system, such as an absorption refrigeration cycle. Electricity purchased from utility companies for conventional vapor compression refrigerators can be reduced and cuts down the need for expensive electricity from the central grid. The use of heat operated refrigeration systems help reduce problems related to global environmental, such as the greenhouse effect from CO2 emission from the combustion of fossil fuels in utility power plants. Another difference between absorption systems and conventional vapor compression systems is the working fluid used. Most vapor compression systems commonly use chlorofluorocarbon refrigerants (CFCs), because of their thermo-physical properties. It is t hrough the restricted use of CFCs, due to depletion of the ozone layer that will make absorption systems more prominent. However, although absorption systems seem to provide many advantages, vapor compression systems still dominate all market sectors. In order to promote the use of absorption systems, further development is required to improve their performance and reduce cost. The early development of an absorption cycle dates back to the 1700s. It was known that ice could be produced by an evaporation of pure water from a vessel contained within an evacuated container in the presence of sulfuric acid. In 1810, ice could be made from water in a vessel, which was connected to another vessel containing sulfuric acid. As the acid absorbed water vapor, causing a reduction of temperature, layers of ice were formed on the water surface. The major problems of this system were corrosion and leakage of air into the vacuum vessel. In 1859, Ferdinand Carre introduced a novel machine using wat er/ammonia as the working fluid. This machine took out a US patent in 1860. Machines based on this patent were used to make ice and store food. It was used as a basic design in the early age of refrigeration development. In the 1950s, a system using lithium bromide/water as the working fluid was introduced for industrial applications. A few years later, a double-effect absorption system was introduced and has been used as an industrial standard for a high performance heat-operated refrigeration cycle. However with the advent of cheaper vapor compression machines in the late 1960s and abundant and widespread availability of electricity lead to the vapor absorption machines taking a backseat. As a result we see that despite the fact that this technology has been around for almost 250 years, a viable alternative to the vapor compression machines for domestic use at a comparable cost has not been found. The aim of this paper is to provide basic background and review existing literature on absorption refrigeration technologies. A number of absorption refrigeration systems and research options are provided and discussed. It is hoped that, this paper should be useful for any newcomer in this field of refrigeration technology and generate in this area the same interest that the authors feel. PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION The absorption refrigeration system works with a binary solution consisting of refrigerant and absorbent. In Fig. 1(a)[1] two evacuated containers are connected to each other. The container on the left has liquid refrigerant while the right container has a binary solution of absorbent/refrigerant. The solution in the right container will absorb refrigerant vapor from the left one causing pressure to reduce. While the refrigerant vapor is being absorbed, the temperature of the remaining refrigerant will reduce as a result of its vaporization. This causes a refrigeration effect to occur inside the left container thus dropping its temperature. At the same time, solution inside the right container becomes weaker in concentration because of the higher content of refrigerant absorbed. This is due to the absorption process. Absorption process is an exothermic process; therefore, it must reject heat out to the surrounding in order to maintain its absorption capability. Whenever the solution cannot continue with the absorption process because of saturation of the refrigerant, the refrigerant must be separated out from the diluted solution.[1] Heat is usually the key for this separation process. The separation of the refrigerant is of paramount significance and most of the work recently has gone into making this as efficient as possible so as to increase the refrigeration effect. It is applied to the right container in order to dry the refrigerant from the solution as shown in Fig. 1(b).[1] The refrigerant vapor will be condensed by transferring heat to the surroundings. With these processes, the refrigeration effect can be produced by using heat energy. However, the cooling effect cannot be produced continuously as the process cannot be done simultaneously. Therefore, an absorption refrigeration cycle is a combination Fig. 1. (a) Absorption process occurs in right container causing cooling effect in the other; (b) Refrigerant separation process occurs in the right container as a result of additional heat from outside heat source. of these two processes as shown in Fig. 2.[1] As the separation process occurs at a higher pressure than the absorption process, a circulation pump is required to circulate the solution. Coefficient of Performance of an absorption refrigeration system is obtained from The work input for the pump is negligible relative to the heat input at the generator; therefore, the pump work is often neglected for the purposes of analysis. Fig. 2. A continuous absorption refrigeration cycle composes of two processes mentioned in the earlier figure. WORKING FLUID PAIRS FOR ABSOPRTION SYSTEMS The performance of an absorption system is heavily dependent on the properties of the working pair. We are mainly concerned with the thermal and chemical properties of the working fluids. The fundamental requirement is the absorbent/refrigerant combination, in liquid phase, must have a margin of miscibility in the operating temperature range of the cycle. The mixture should also be chemically stable, non toxic, non corrosive and should be able to maintain its fluidity in the operating range. Apart from these certain other desirable properties are: The difference in the boiling points of the pure refrigerant and mixture at the same pressure must be as large as possible. Refrigerant should have high heat of vaporization and high concentration within the absorbent in order to maintain low circulation rate between the generator and the absorber per unit of cooling capacity. Transport properties that influence heat and mass transfer, e.g., viscosity, thermal conductivity, and diffusion coefficient should be favorable. Both refrigerant and absorbent should be environmental friendly and low-cost, specially keeping in mind the increasing danger to the environment. The absorption refrigeration system, which has some advantages, such as silent operation, high reliability, long service life, simpler capacity control mechanism, easier implementation, and low maintenance, is widely acknowledged as a prospective candidate for efficient and economic use of solar energy for cooling applications. Also, the absorption refrigeration cycle is usually a preferable alternative, since it uses the thermal energy collected from the sun without the need to convert this energy into mechanical energy as required by the vapor compression cycle. In addition, the absorption cycle uses thermal energy at a lower temperature than that dictated by the vapor compression cycle. Many working fluids are suggested in literature. A survey of absorption fluids provided by Marcriss [2] suggests that, there are some 40 refrigerant compounds and 200 absorbent compounds available. However, the most common working fluids are NH3- H2O and LiBr-H2O. The binary systems of NH3- H2O and LiBr-H2O are well known as working fluid pairs to be used both in absorption heat pumps and in absorption refrigerators at present. Theoretical and experimental studies have been conducted to optimize the performance of absorption refrigeration cycles using NH3- H2O and LiBr-H2O as refrigerant- absorbent combination. The advantage for refrigerant NH3 is that it can evaporate at lower temperatures (i.e. from -10 to 0 °C) compared to H2O (i.e. from 4 to 10 °C), therefore, for refrigeration, the NH3-H2O cycle is used. NH3 has a high latent heat of vaporization, which is necessary for efficient performance of the system. It can be used for low temperature applications, as the freezing point of NH3 is -77 °C. Since both NH3 and water are volatility, the cycle requires a rectifier to strip away water that normally evaporates with NH3. Without a rectifier, the water would accumulate in the evaporator and offset the system performance. There are other disadvantages such as its high pressure, toxicity, and corrosive action to copper and copper alloy. However, water/NH3 is environmental friendly and low-cost. The use of LiBr-H2O for absorption refrigeration systems began around 1930. Two outstanding features of LiBr-H2O are non-volatility absorbent of LiBr (the need of a rectifier is eliminated) and extremely high heat of vaporization of water (refrigerant). However, using water as a refrigerant limits the low temperature application to that above 0 °C. As water is the refrigerant, the system must be operated under vacuum conditions. At high concentrations, the solution is prone to crystallization. It is also corrosive to some metal and expensive. Research has been performed for NH3-H2O systems theoretically and experimentally and these studies show that the NH3-H2O system exhibits a relatively low COP when compared to its LiBr-H20 counterpart.[1] Efforts are being made to search for better working fluid pairs that can improve system performance. It is proposed that NH3-LiNO3 and NH3-NaSCN cycles can be alternatives to NH3-H2O systems.[3] A study on the use of NH3-LiNO3 and NH3-NaSCN cycles by Jasim M. Abdulateef [3] reveals that ammonia-lithium nitrate and ammonia-sodium thiocyanate cycles give better performance than the ammonia-water cycle, not only because of higher COP values, but also because of no requirement for analyzers and rectifiers. Therefore, they are suitable alternatives to the ammonia-water cycle. Generally speaking, the performance for the ammonia-lithium nitrate and ammonia-sodium thiocyanate cycles are similar, with the latter being slightly better than the former. However, the ammonia-sodium thiocyanate cycle cannot operate at evaporator temperatures below 10 °C for the possibility of crystallization.[3] LITHIUM BROMIDE-WATER ABSORPTION SYSTEM There has been renewed interest to use thermally driven cooling systems from the air conditioning and process cooling fraternities. The lithium bromide-water absorption chiller is one of the front-runners due to the following reasons [4]: It can be thermally driven by gas, solar energy, and geothermal energy as well as waste heat, which help to substantially reduce carbon dioxide emission, this is its USP when it comes to process industries generating large amount of waste heat Its use of water as a refrigerant, which is easily available and cheap. It is quiet, durable and cheap to maintain, being virtually void of high speed moving parts; Its vacuumed operation renders it amenable to scale up applications. LiBr-H2O absorption chillers enjoy cooling capacities ranging from kilowatts (kW) to megawatts (mW) which match with small residential to large scale commercial or even industrial cooling needs. However they currently enjoy only a fraction of the extent of deployment as their vapor compression counterparts. Their major debilitating factors are a low Coefficient of Performance (COP), larger footprint and required headroom, corrosion and crystallization issues and stringent requirements of vacuum leak tightness over its design lifespan. Over the past 30 years, extensive efforts have been devoted to: Develop advanced absorption cycles which could work at low heat source temperature or recover more heat to improve system performance. Improve the design of major components such as generator and absorber to enhance their heat and mass transfer efficacy. Avoid crystallization problem and, Develop new and reliable working pairs. Problems in domestic use of LiBr-H2O absorption systems Even though the technology has been around for quite some time now its usage in domestic applications is hitherto seen. According to Kevin D. Rafferty [5] there is only one company (Yazaki, undated) currently manufacturing small tonnage ( While calculating the mass flow rate of the refrigerant for an assumed case of 1.5TR cooling, as is the requirement for most domestic air-conditioning applications, we obtained a very low mass flow rate in the order of a few gm/s. Also the ensuing pressure difference to maintain such working conditions led to a very high pressure ratio, to the order of about 50, between the absorber and generator. Upon market survey, (here in Pune, India) we discovered that pumps catering to such a low flow rate at this large a pressure differential were not readily available, some suppliers of customized pumps, however, did claim to be able to make such pumps, albeit at a very high cost. We explored the idea of then increasing the mass flow rate to higher than what was calculated for the required tonnage, but realized that increasing mass flow rate for evaporator of same tonnage would lead to un-evaporated refrigerant thus decreasing the COP of the system. During further study of the LiBr-H2O absorption systems we came across an interesting review on absorption chillers and their various configurations by Xiaolin Wang and Hui T. Chua [4], which provides a valuable insight. For the standard single effect system, simple structure and low cost are pursued. The single-effect double-lift absorption system are proposed and developed for the utilization of low temperature heat sources. However, multi-effect absorption systems are suggested to provide higher efficiency with a high temperature heat source. In order to increase the system performance and avoid crystallization problem, various heat and mass recovery systems, modifications to the generator and the absorber, different working pairs and additives have been developed. Furthermore hybridization of absorption chiller cycle with other cooling cycle(s) promises a higher overall performance as compared with that of each single constituent cycle. Single-Effect Absorption Chillers It consists of evaporator, absorber, generator, and a condenser. Its simplicity, small size, high reliability and lower maintenance cost are its advantages. While low cooling capacity, high weight and size and low COP are disadvantages Fig. 3. A schematic of a single effect absorption cycle in a Dà ¼hring plot Uchida from Hitachi developed a modular cascaded absorption chiller comprising of chiller units connected to one another in which chilled water flows through the chiller units in series while cooling water through parallel. [6] Water in chilled and cooling column flows in opposite direction and in absorber solution is sprayed in 1 or more stages. In this type of arrangement lower evaporator temperature can be achieved as compared to conventional arrangement. This results in lower amount of water circulation and higher efficiency due high average temperature difference, compact size, and lower capacity pumps. Inoue from Ebara Corporation integrated the absorber, evaporator, generator, and a condenser into a compact housing so that it can be used for used in residential operations. The arrangement is as shown in Fig. 4. A Absorber, C Condenser, E Evaporator, G Generator, X -Solution heat exchanger, SP Solution pump, RP Refrigerant pump Fig. 4. A single effect absorption chiller [7] This also resulted in reduced costs, compact size, less thermal stresses and low material usage. Inoue from Ebara Corporation in further bid to reduce size and increase COP used plate type heat exchanger in absorber and condenser. [7] In this water flows into the absorber and condenser in parallel and is distributed according to fluid resistance in each unit. This reduces mass flow rate and distributed flow results in elimination of complicated valve system. Problem of crystallization in chiller is avoided using popular J-tube technology. [4] Crystallization in system occurs in generator due to high concentration of LiBr resulting in blockage of flow to solution heat exchanger and will be accumulated in generator. When solution reaches certain level in generator, the hot refrigerant -weak solution will overflow via J-tube to the absorber and warms the refrigerant -strong solution immediately. This will warm the crystallized solution and dissolve them into the solution. Single-Effect Double Lift Absorption Chillers Fig. 5. A single-effect double lift cycle. Since single effect cycle requires the temperature of 90oC and above for proper working, for temperature lower than this results in significant drop in efficiency of the cycle. Therefore utilize to lower temperatures single effect single lift which can work for heat source between 70oC and 90oC and single effect double lift cycle works within waste heat source temperature down to 55oC was developed. A COP in the range of 0.35-0.7 is obtained. [4] Fig. 5. shows the construction of single effect double lift cycle consists of evaporator, absorber-1, generator-1, and a condenser forming single effect cycle the evaporator, absorber-1, generator-3, absorber-2, generator-2, and condenser constitute a double lift cycle. In this the solution from absorber1 is first is sent to generator-1 for steam generation, after this serially solution is sent generator-3 for further generation and refrigerant- weak solution is sent to absorber-1 . The steam generated in generator-3 is absorbed by the absorber-2 which then sent to the generator-2 for generation. The steam from generator-1 and generator-2 is sent in condenser to continue the cycle. The hot water in the system is supplied serially to the generator-1, generator-2, and generator-3. The cooling water flows to the condenser, absorber-1 and absorber-2 in parallel to avoid complicated control and unstable working conditions. The advantage of this system is high COP as compared single effect cycle since energy is utilized more effectively in this cycle. But due increase in number of components this has larger size as compared to single effect cycle. This system is commercialized by INVEN absorption GmbH. [4] Double-Effect Absorption Chillers Fig. 6. A double effect series flow type absorption cycle. This system is developed to increase COP of absorption chiller operating at temperature greater than 150oC since at this temperature the COP of single effect cycle is low. COP achieved in this cycle is in the range of 1.1 to 1.3. It was first patented by Loweth in 1970[8] and commercialized by Trane in the same year. Saito [9] from Ebara Corporation and Alefeld [10] improved and modified the double effect absorption refrigeration machine in 1980 and 1985, respectively. As shown in the plot above, double effect cycle consists of a high temperature and a high pressure generator. Steam generated from this generator is used to generate steam from low pressure generator through a heat exchanger. This steam is further sent to the condenser and evaporator for cooling. This arrangement is known as series flow arrangement. Therefore temperature differential utilization in double effect is more as compared to the single effect but heat rejected at the condenser and cooling temperature at the evaporator are at about the same temperature, hence COP is greater. Above mentioned arrangement works very close to crystallization temperature of LiBr-water solution and the high temperature generator operates at high pressure in order maintain requisite solution flow rate. To avoid solution pumping, the high temperature generator has to be sufficiently elevated to enjoy gravity assisted flow, resulting in higher head room. To avoid these problems, Hitachi developed a parallel flow double effect arrangement as shown below in Fig. 7. In this arrangement solution is separated after solution pump and is sent to high temperature generator through high temperature heat exchanger and to the low temperature generator, respectively. So, the operation condition is displaced further from crystallization point of solution. Flow rate of solution, pressure, elevation is also reduced as compared to series flow arrangement. Nagao from Hitachi disclosed a chiller which consists of an absorption section, an evaporator section, a condenser section, a generator section all of which are divided into two stages. The first stage evaporator second stage evaporator are arranged to be enclosed respectively by first stage absorber second stage absorber. Similar configuration is applied to the generator and condenser. This arrangement reduces heat transfer losses. Fig. 7. A double effect parallel flow type cycle. Hiro [11] from Sanyo Electric Co. disclosed a double effect absorption chiller, in which the connecting pipe conveying the liquefied refrigerant in the low temperature generator to the condenser is installed with an orifice together with a control valve so as to control the refrigerant pressure. A control circuit is connected to this control valve to actively control the refrigerant pressure and therefore control the solution concentration in the high temperature generator and the absorber. This control circuit facilitates the passage of the refrigerant to the condenser without stagnation during chiller start up or in the event of a sudden increase in cooling load. It is also capable of maintaining a suitably reduced pressure in the refrigerant during steady-state operation so as to achieve a higher operating efficiency. Recently Aoyama [12] from Ebara Refrigeration Equipment System disclosed an internal heat recovery scheme which aims to increase intrinsic COP of the machine and heat scavenging scheme which strives to extract more energy from heat source which drives the chiller. According to this invention, the refrigerant rich solution path leading from the absorber to the high temperature generator is divided into two routes. The first route is installed with one or two drain heat exchanger to scavenge the remaining enthalpy of the heat source powering the high temperature generator. The second route is installed with one or two regenerative heat exchanger to recover the heat of the hot and refrigerant-weak solution leaving the high temperature generator. Modeling and Simulation of LiBr-H2O absorption systems A recent paper by V. Mittal, K.S. Kasana and N.S. Thakur on Modeling and simulation of a solar absorption cooling system for India [13] simulated the model of a solar-powered, single stage, absorption cooling system, using a flat plate collector and water-lithium bromide solution. A computer program was developed for the absorption system to simulate various cycle configurations with the help of various weather data for the village Bahal, District Bhiwani, Haryana, India. The effects of hot water inlet temperatures on the coefficient of performance (COP) and the surface area of the absorption cooling component were studied. Simulation results are discussed in this section for the performance of a 10.5 KW solar driven lithium bromide absorption cooling system. Fig. 8. depicts the effect of the hot water inlet temperatures Ts on the system COP and flow ratio FR. It can be seen that an increase in this temperature resulted in the decreases of FR. This is due to increases in the mass fraction of concentration solution (XG). While with an increase in this temperature, COP increases. Fig. 8. The effect of the hot water inlet temperatures on the system COP and FR (Te = 280 K, QL = 10.5 KW, Tc = 306K) Figure 3 depicts the effect of the hot water inlet temperature on the surface area of the system components. It can be seen that increase in this temperature results in the decrease of the absorber and solution heat exchanger surface area. As flow ratio decreases, the thermal energy extracted from the absorber also decreases and hence the temperature of the absorber increases, which further resulted in the increase of logarithmic mean temperature difference (DTm) in the absorber and solution heat exchanger. By decreasing the heat capacity and increasing DTm, heat transfer surface area normally decreases in these components. Fig. 9. The effect of the hot water inlet temperatures on the surface area of the system components (Te = 280 K, QL = 10.5 KW, Tcool, in = 291 K) From this study the following conclusions were made: The hot water inlet temperature is found to affect the surface area of some of the system components. Increasing this temperature decreases the absorber and solution heat exchanger surface area, while the dimensions of the other components remain unchanged. Although high reference temperature increases the system COP and decreases the surface area of system components, lower reference temperature gives better results for FNP than high reference temperatures do. For this study, a 353 K reference temperature is the best choice. This paper thus provides a general idea to anyone looking to build a model of a vapor absorption system, about the generator temperature needed and its effect on the flow rate and COP. AMMONIA-WATER ABSORPTION SYSTEM The working of ammonia-water absorption refrigeration system is based on the  simple vapor absorption refrigeration systems. In this system ammonia is used as the refrigerant and water is used as the absorbent. The ammonia-water absorption system is used in the domestic as well the commercial applications where the requirement of the temperature is below 0 degree C. The major advantages of the ammonia-water solution are: Water has strong affinity for ammonia and they are soluble with each other in wide operating conditions that occur in different refrigeration applications. The ammonia-water solution is highly stable and works well with many materials. Ammonia is a common chemical and it is easily and cheaply available. However the system has a few disadvantages too some of which are: Except copper and its alloys that get corroded in the presence of ammonia. Due to its toxicity its applications are limited. Due to the fact that some of the water in the generator also boils off with the ammonia and escapes as vapor, a rectifier is needed to remove this water vapor before it enters the condenser. This adds to the expense and complexity of the design. The COP of the ammonia-water systems is slightly lower than their LiBr-water counterparts. Fig. 10. Schematic of a typical ammonia-water absorption system. Domestic use of ammonia-water absorption systems Unlike the LiBr-H2O absorption system, the ammonia-water absorption system has found widespread use in the domestic use market. These refrigerators are very popular as car fridges used in SUVs and RVs. Many companies are involved in the manufacturing of such equipment. Electrolux was amongst the first companies to start manufacturing absorption refrigerators for commercial use. One of the main issues with the early domestic absorption refrigerators was that the water would get crystallized and the whole setup would then need to be inverted for a few hours to get the system working again. Such old models of absorption models are available in scrap; however most of them are not in working condition. We came across one such model ourselves, however even on extensive research the exact composition of the water ammonia mixture or the operating pressure was not found. Most people do not recommend recharging of these old units as they are factory sealed and compositions are not known, however some people have tried recharging and obtained successful results. Simulation of absorption diffusion Solar refrigeration systems A study was carried out by B. Chaouachi and S. Gabsi [14] for the design and the simulation of an absorption diffusion refrigerator using solar as source of energy, for domestic use. The design holds account about the climatic conditions and the unit cost due to technical constraints imposed by the technology of the various components of the installation such as the solar generator, the condenser, the absorber and the evaporator. Mass and energy conservation equations were developed for each component of the cycle and solved numerically. The absorption diffusion refrigerating machine is designed according to the operation principle of the refrigerating machine mono pressure invented by Platern and Munter. This machine uses three operation fluids, water (absorbent), ammonia (Refrigerant) and hydrogen as an inert gas used in order to maintain the total pressure constant. The study yielded some interesting conclusions. The operating boundaries of the system were examined by conducting simulations for various values of the generator temperature, TG, the evaporator temperature, TE, the pressure of the system, P and the generator heat input, QG. The operation ranges were found to be: 5 Fig. 11. COP vs. to generator temperature for various pressures of the system (ÃŽÂ ¾r=0.45, Te=273K) Fig. 11. presents the COP vs. the generator temperature for different pressures of the system for a fixed rich concentration and evaporator temperature. It shows that the COP decreases as the generator temperature increases and it increases when the pressure increases too. This is may be attributed to the fact that a smaller amount of ammonia was separated from the ammonia-water solution and thus more solution had to be circulated so as to maintain the refrigerant flow rate in the condenser. It thus recommended that pressure of the system as high as possible. Fig. 12. OP vs. the evaporator temperature (ÃŽÂ ¾r = 0.4, P=12.5 bars) The Fig. 12. shows that the COP decreases as the generator temperature increases. It was also found that the higher the evaporator temperature, the higher COP, i. e. that more heat was absorbed in the evaporator. There are thus opposing demands for the evaporator temperature; on the one hand, it should be high enough (depending on the desired cooling capacity) to yield a higher COP, while a lower evaporator temperature would yield better cooling. Thermodynamic simulation of Solar absorption refrigeration systems Another thermodynamic simulation carried out by Antonio J. Bula [15], for an ammonia water solar absorption system. The operating conditions chosen were: Tg = 70 90 °C Tc = 30  °C Ta = 25  °C Te = 5  °C

Free Capital Punishment Essays: Mandatory Death Penalty for Nitwits :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

Mandatory Death Penalty for Nitwits    When I was in high school, my friend Mike and I earned extra money working after school and on weekends at a drugstore located at the north end of our town. Before we started working in the retail business, we both had a fairly high opinion of humanity. That is to say, we thought that the average person wouldn't try to cheat us, would be at least marginally polite, and would be smart enough to avoid walking in front of a bus.    As it turned out, we were wrong.    When we stepped behind the counter of that drugstore, we had to remove the rose-colored glasses and reexamine our cherished ideas about humanity. We found that there were many, many rude people out there and that quite a few would cheat us if they were given half a chance. We also found the average person was much less intelligent than we had thought. On Labor Day, 1995, I started a list of all the irritating and stupid things that people did while we were at work. After a while, other employees began to contribute to the list, although I compiled about 75% of the complaints. By the time I left at the end of May 1996, the list had 567 items on it, and we were referring to some of the customers by number.    In particular, I remember 337, an older lady who came in early every Saturday morning to buy a candy bar. Sadly, 337 never had the requisite fifty cents, and as she was rummaging through her purse looking for spare change (which sometimes took as long as ten minutes), impatient customers would line up behind her. Finally, she would storm off in a huff.    Incredibly, 337 would return several times over the course of the day and attempt to purchase the candy bar again. Once more would come the agonizing search through her purse, but (surprisingly enough) the change at the bottom had not bred over the course of the day, and over and over she was forced to leave in defeat and shame.    Number 337 was hardly unique, or even unusual. Every shift that I worked, I was forced to deal with people nearly as clueless as she was. Mike and I were inevitably led to the conclusion that stupidity should be painful; we thought that if stupidity were painful, people would go to great lengths to educate themselves.

Marketing – Delta Faucets

Delta Faucets – Final Project One of the most luxurious and exquisite brands in the world of faucets and bathroom fittings is Delta Faucets. The branding of Delta has been a very remarkable process – it targets the highest niche of the market with its products that have the highest finish and technological innovation. It is compelling to think how technology could be introduced in bathroom fittings and faucets. Delta faucets are embedded with technologically innovative ideas and thus are distinctive in nature from all of its competitor products. Marketing Mix Analysis Overview Established in 1954 as a home improvement and building products, Delta Faucet Company is a subsidiary of Masco Corporation. This company is one of the largest manufacturers of home fittings and building products. The company has been very innovative in the faucets business and its business philosophy has made it adopt an innovative approach to the traditional business of manufacturing home fittings. The company manufactures a wide range of home fitting products but apart from that, it has a list of patented designs and products to its credit. This includes a variety of breakthrough technologies and innovative ideas that have led to faucets being more intelligent than just ordinary home fittings. Targeted distinctively for corporate offices and exquisite homes, Delta Faucet products are not for the ordinary people. The products marketing campaign is equally exquisite and yet simple. The website of the company shows the innovative ideas that have been the reason for its success in the business and a targeted marketing strategy for corporate offices has been the key to its distinguishment from other products in the marketplace. This paper will analyze the marketing mix of Delta Faucets and dissect the different elements of its marketing strategy that have been crucial to its success. Product Delta Faucet products are home fittings and building materials that simply defy the convention. The products of Delta Faucet are value-added in that they are the result of innovation and technological embedding – Delta Faucets enabling it to be the market leader in innovative faucets and fittings patent most of these designs. The product comes in lavish packaging however, since Delta Faucet hones the â€Å"green† paradigm, the packaging is biodegradable but manages to provide the buyer an exquisite image well. Pricing Bathroom fittings and kitchen fittings that cost as much as tyre cars are the norm for Delta Faucet products. It should be remembered that Delta does not target a large population – rather it skims the top most segment of the market. It would rather be that Delta Faucets are used for corporate bathrooms than for private home fittings (Etzel, Walker, Walker & Stanton, 2003). Delta Faucet prices well above its nearest competitors enabling it to reach the premiums of high pricing. Placement Delta Faucet is not short of outlets for placing its faucets. It operates in more than 53 countries using an efficient supply chain network with reduced lead-time. The company has an extensive network of distributors and retailers that sell Delta Faucets products throughout North America and Europe. The use of information systems in its supply chain network has been one of the strongest plus factors for Delta Faucet enabling it to strengthen its placement strategies (Pelyco, 2003). Promotional Mix Delta Faucet manages to market its products using a variety of strategies: in spite of being a luxury product, Delta Faucet has been able to stir its demand over the years using corporate magazine marketing as the primary tool (About Delta, 2009). A combination of viral marketing amongst the corporate world (through secretaries of executives) is the most relied upon form of promotion at Delta Faucets. It also houses exquisite showrooms and display centers for the people that are abounded by physical marketing and the â€Å"touch and feel† of things. It is perhaps this strategy that is the most consistent with Delta Faucets. Overall, Delta Faucet has been very pervasive in its marketing and promotional strategies. It has strived to make sure that it is chosen by the top-notch sector of the society by constantly dwelling on copyright technology and innovation. Delta Faucet projects itself as a brand that is for the elite; keeping this into view, it can be concluded that the price and promotional strategy of the product are well in tandem with the products image and nature (Pride & Ferrell, 2007). Delta Faucet needs no revision of its marketing strategy: it only needs to broaden its horizons. Turning from an exquisite product to a luxury product high in demand amongst wider elite would be a better strategy for the company – and this is what Delta Faucets should be eyeing for in the near future in order to stand out against its competitors in this fiery era of globalization and expand its profitability. References About Delta (2009). Delta Faucet Company: Who are We? Retrieved on December 15, 2009 from: http://www. deltafaucetcompany. com/company/whoweare. html Etzel, M. J. , Walker, B. J. , Walker, S. , & Stanton, W. J. (2000). Marketing. New York: McGraw-Hill Education. Pelyco (2003). Delta Faucet Company achieves continued success with Peyco Supply Chain visibility solution. Retrieved on December 15, 2009 from: http://www. pelyco. com/press_release_02_20_03. htm Pride, W. , Ferrell, O. C. (2007). Foundations of Marketing: Revised Second Edition. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.